Peng J, Jury EC, Donnes P, Ciurtin C
A peer-reviewed overview in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Araj et al., Medical University of Warsaw, 2025) establishing Epithalon as a highly bioactive pineal tetrapeptide with documented mechanisms spanning telomere maintenance, epigenetic regulation, antioxidant defense, immune recalibration, and circadian rhythm restoration provides the scientific framework for all five mechanisms described in this section
10.1042/BST20170228
In diabetic brains, these cytokines prompt the synthesis of ROS and trigger various cellular pathways such as advanced glycation end products (AGE), and protein kinase C (PKC) to cause neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration and ultimately CD (Zilliox et al., 2016)
Rosenzweig, A., Blenis, J
Oral B12 has a bottleneck