do not aspirate for subcutaneous injections
A 2021 systematic review of 16 randomized controlled trials and 6,276 participants (Markun and colleagues, Effects of Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Depressive Symptoms, and Fatigue, Nutrients, 2021) found that B12 supplementation does not reliably reduce fatigue in people who are not deficient
It allows the B12 to bind to fat molecules and be released slowly into body tissues
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B12 and caffeine work through completely different mechanisms B12 supports cellular energy production, while caffeine blocks adenosine receptors to reduce perceived fatigue